In this paper, dedicated to energy in Europe, CIEP offers insights into the evolving political relations in oil, natural gas and the transition towards a cleaner energy mix. The chapters in this paper were written as articles for a dossier in the Clingendael Spectator magazine. 

• The internal and external dynamics of EU energy relations 
• Energy transition: what about the internal EU energy market? 
• Bone of contention or instrument of peace? Discussing the role of gas in the EU's relations with suppliers 
• Changing crude oil trade flows and oil diplomacy
• The Dutch energy economy: the energy gateway to Northwest Europe  

 

Additionally, a slide pack on energy fundamentals is available, providing an overview of energy-related developments and facts.